diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/auth/socket-token/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/auth/socket-token/route.ts
index 45151d1e496..c7b0dc618c8 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/auth/socket-token/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/auth/socket-token/route.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,26 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { headers } from 'next/headers'
-import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
+import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { auth } from '@/lib/auth'
 import { isAuthDisabled } from '@/lib/core/config/feature-flags'
+import { enforceIpRateLimit } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
 
 const logger = createLogger('SocketTokenAPI')
 
-export const POST = withRouteHandler(async () => {
+export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
   if (isAuthDisabled) {
     return NextResponse.json({ token: 'anonymous-socket-token' })
   }
 
+  const rateLimited = await enforceIpRateLimit('socket-token', request, {
+    maxTokens: 30,
+    refillRate: 30,
+    refillIntervalMs: 60_000,
+  })
+  if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+
   try {
     const hdrs = await headers()
     const response = await auth.api.generateOneTimeToken({
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/auth/sso/providers/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/auth/sso/providers/route.ts
index 77f86734420..8428eebc1e1 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/auth/sso/providers/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/auth/sso/providers/route.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { listSsoProvidersContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/auth'
 import { parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
 import { getSession } from '@/lib/auth'
+import { enforceIpRateLimit } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { REDACTED_MARKER } from '@/lib/core/security/redaction'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
 
@@ -13,6 +14,14 @@ const logger = createLogger('SSOProvidersRoute')
 export const GET = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
   try {
     const session = await getSession()
+    if (!session?.user?.id) {
+      const rateLimited = await enforceIpRateLimit('sso-providers', request, {
+        maxTokens: 20,
+        refillRate: 20,
+        refillIntervalMs: 60_000,
+      })
+      if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+    }
     const parsed = await parseRequest(listSsoProvidersContract, request, {})
     if (!parsed.success) return parsed.response
     const { organizationId } = parsed.data.query
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/chat/[identifier]/otp/route.test.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/chat/[identifier]/otp/route.test.ts
index acd6652bf5d..547a164b069 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/chat/[identifier]/otp/route.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/chat/[identifier]/otp/route.test.ts
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ describe('Chat OTP API Route', () => {
       expect(headerSet).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Retry-After', '900')
     })
 
-    it('skips IP rate limit when client IP is unknown', async () => {
+    it('folds spoofed `unknown` client IPs into a single shared bucket', async () => {
       requestUtilsMockFns.mockGetClientIp.mockReturnValueOnce('unknown')
       buildDeploymentSelect()
 
@@ -434,8 +434,11 @@ describe('Chat OTP API Route', () => {
 
       await POST(request, { params: Promise.resolve({ identifier: mockIdentifier }) })
 
-      // Only the email-scoped check should run, not the IP-scoped one
-      expect(mockCheckRateLimitDirect).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+      expect(mockCheckRateLimitDirect).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+      expect(mockCheckRateLimitDirect).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.stringMatching(/^chat-otp:ip:.*:unknown$/),
+        expect.any(Object)
+      )
       expect(mockCheckRateLimitDirect).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
         expect.stringContaining('chat-otp:email:'),
         expect.any(Object)
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/chat/[identifier]/otp/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/chat/[identifier]/otp/route.ts
index d546ef0cf77..b2e129b5fa8 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/chat/[identifier]/otp/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/chat/[identifier]/otp/route.ts
@@ -223,20 +223,18 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(
 
     try {
       const ip = getClientIp(request)
-      if (ip !== 'unknown') {
-        const ipRateLimit = await rateLimiter.checkRateLimitDirect(
-          `chat-otp:ip:${identifier}:${ip}`,
-          OTP_IP_RATE_LIMIT
+      const ipRateLimit = await rateLimiter.checkRateLimitDirect(
+        `chat-otp:ip:${identifier}:${ip}`,
+        OTP_IP_RATE_LIMIT
+      )
+      if (!ipRateLimit.allowed) {
+        logger.warn(`[${requestId}] OTP IP rate limit exceeded for ${identifier} from ${ip}`)
+        const retryAfter = Math.ceil(
+          (ipRateLimit.retryAfterMs ?? OTP_IP_RATE_LIMIT.refillIntervalMs) / 1000
         )
-        if (!ipRateLimit.allowed) {
-          logger.warn(`[${requestId}] OTP IP rate limit exceeded for ${identifier} from ${ip}`)
-          const retryAfter = Math.ceil(
-            (ipRateLimit.retryAfterMs ?? OTP_IP_RATE_LIMIT.refillIntervalMs) / 1000
-          )
-          const response = createErrorResponse('Too many requests. Please try again later.', 429)
-          response.headers.set('Retry-After', String(retryAfter))
-          return addCorsHeaders(response, request)
-        }
+        const response = createErrorResponse('Too many requests. Please try again later.', 429)
+        response.headers.set('Retry-After', String(retryAfter))
+        return addCorsHeaders(response, request)
       }
 
       const parsed = await parseRequest(requestChatEmailOtpContract, request, context, {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/chat/[identifier]/sso/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/chat/[identifier]/sso/route.ts
index 812f27df5b3..c6878876a90 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/chat/[identifier]/sso/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/chat/[identifier]/sso/route.ts
@@ -30,20 +30,18 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(
     const requestId = generateRequestId()
 
     const ip = getClientIp(request)
-    if (ip !== 'unknown') {
-      const ipRateLimit = await rateLimiter.checkRateLimitDirect(
-        `chat-sso:ip:${ip}`,
-        SSO_IP_RATE_LIMIT
+    const ipRateLimit = await rateLimiter.checkRateLimitDirect(
+      `chat-sso:ip:${ip}`,
+      SSO_IP_RATE_LIMIT
+    )
+    if (!ipRateLimit.allowed) {
+      logger.warn(`[${requestId}] SSO eligibility rate limit exceeded from ${ip}`)
+      const retryAfter = Math.ceil(
+        (ipRateLimit.retryAfterMs ?? SSO_IP_RATE_LIMIT.refillIntervalMs) / 1000
       )
-      if (!ipRateLimit.allowed) {
-        logger.warn(`[${requestId}] SSO eligibility rate limit exceeded from ${ip}`)
-        const retryAfter = Math.ceil(
-          (ipRateLimit.retryAfterMs ?? SSO_IP_RATE_LIMIT.refillIntervalMs) / 1000
-        )
-        const response = createErrorResponse('Too many requests. Please try again later.', 429)
-        response.headers.set('Retry-After', String(retryAfter))
-        return addCorsHeaders(response, request)
-      }
+      const response = createErrorResponse('Too many requests. Please try again later.', 429)
+      response.headers.set('Retry-After', String(retryAfter))
+      return addCorsHeaders(response, request)
     }
 
     const parsed = await parseRequest(chatSSOContract, request, context)
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/telemetry/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/telemetry/route.ts
index bdeb0a6b109..aed019188cc 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/telemetry/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/telemetry/route.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { telemetryContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/telemetry'
 import { parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
 import { env } from '@/lib/core/config/env'
 import { isProd } from '@/lib/core/config/feature-flags'
+import { enforceIpRateLimit } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
 
 const logger = createLogger('TelemetryAPI')
@@ -148,6 +149,13 @@ async function forwardToCollector(data: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<boolea
  * Endpoint that receives telemetry events and forwards them to OpenTelemetry collector
  */
 export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (req: NextRequest) => {
+  const rateLimited = await enforceIpRateLimit('telemetry', req, {
+    maxTokens: 60,
+    refillRate: 30,
+    refillIntervalMs: 60_000,
+  })
+  if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+
   try {
     const parsed = await parseRequest(telemetryContract, req, {})
     if (!parsed.success) return parsed.response
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/templates/[id]/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/templates/[id]/route.ts
index f0bbd4f0d16..bb2e4a48c97 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/templates/[id]/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/templates/[id]/route.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { templateIdParamsSchema, updateTemplateContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/templates'
 import { parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
 import { getSession } from '@/lib/auth'
-import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
+import { RateLimiter } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
+import { generateRequestId, getClientIp } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
 import { canAccessTemplate } from '@/lib/templates/permissions'
 import {
@@ -18,6 +19,18 @@ import type { WorkflowState } from '@/stores/workflows/workflow/types'
 
 const logger = createLogger('TemplateByIdAPI')
 
+const viewRateLimiter = new RateLimiter()
+
+/**
+ * Per-IP, per-template view-counter dedup bucket: one increment per 10 minutes.
+ * Prevents scripted inflation of `templates.views` from the public GET handler.
+ */
+const TEMPLATE_VIEW_DEDUP = {
+  maxTokens: 1,
+  refillRate: 1,
+  refillIntervalMs: 10 * 60_000,
+}
+
 export const revalidate = 0
 
 export const GET = withRouteHandler(
@@ -63,21 +76,31 @@ export const GET = withRouteHandler(
         isStarred = starResult.length > 0
       }
 
-      const shouldIncrementView = template.status === 'approved'
+      let shouldIncrementView = template.status === 'approved'
 
       if (shouldIncrementView) {
-        try {
-          await db
-            .update(templates)
-            .set({
-              views: sql`${templates.views} + 1`,
-            })
-            .where(eq(templates.id, id))
-        } catch (viewError) {
-          logger.warn(
-            `[${requestId}] Failed to increment view count for template: ${id}`,
-            viewError
-          )
+        const viewer = session?.user?.id ?? `ip:${getClientIp(request)}`
+        const dedupKey = `template-view:${id}:${viewer}`
+        const { allowed } = await viewRateLimiter.checkRateLimitDirect(
+          dedupKey,
+          TEMPLATE_VIEW_DEDUP
+        )
+        if (!allowed) {
+          shouldIncrementView = false
+        } else {
+          try {
+            await db
+              .update(templates)
+              .set({
+                views: sql`${templates.views} + 1`,
+              })
+              .where(eq(templates.id, id))
+          } catch (viewError) {
+            logger.warn(
+              `[${requestId}] Failed to increment view count for template: ${id}`,
+              viewError
+            )
+          }
         }
       }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/cancel-task/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/cancel-task/route.ts
index f5eef3170e7..92935a001a0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/cancel-task/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/cancel-task/route.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { createA2AClient } from '@/lib/a2a/utils'
 import { a2aCancelTaskContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/tools/a2a'
 import { getValidationErrorMessage, parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
 import { checkSessionOrInternalAuth } from '@/lib/auth/hybrid'
+import { enforceUserOrIpRateLimit } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
 
@@ -29,6 +30,13 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
       )
     }
 
+    const rateLimited = await enforceUserOrIpRateLimit(
+      'a2a-cancel-task',
+      authResult.userId,
+      request
+    )
+    if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+
     const parsed = await parseRequest(
       a2aCancelTaskContract,
       request,
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/delete-push-notification/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/delete-push-notification/route.ts
index 77b46a30000..cf93e9e2f36 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/delete-push-notification/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/delete-push-notification/route.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { createA2AClient } from '@/lib/a2a/utils'
 import { a2aDeletePushNotificationContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/tools/a2a'
 import { getValidationErrorMessage, parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
 import { checkSessionOrInternalAuth } from '@/lib/auth/hybrid'
+import { enforceUserOrIpRateLimit } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
 
@@ -30,6 +31,13 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
       )
     }
 
+    const rateLimited = await enforceUserOrIpRateLimit(
+      'a2a-delete-push-notification',
+      authResult.userId,
+      request
+    )
+    if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+
     logger.info(
       `[${requestId}] Authenticated A2A delete push notification request via ${authResult.authType}`,
       {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-agent-card/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-agent-card/route.ts
index 5a39e944d2f..fed318b8330 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-agent-card/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-agent-card/route.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { createA2AClient } from '@/lib/a2a/utils'
 import { a2aGetAgentCardContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/tools/a2a'
 import { getValidationErrorMessage, parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
 import { checkSessionOrInternalAuth } from '@/lib/auth/hybrid'
+import { enforceUserOrIpRateLimit } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
 
@@ -28,6 +29,13 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
       )
     }
 
+    const rateLimited = await enforceUserOrIpRateLimit(
+      'a2a-get-agent-card',
+      authResult.userId,
+      request
+    )
+    if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+
     logger.info(
       `[${requestId}] Authenticated A2A get agent card request via ${authResult.authType}`,
       {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-push-notification/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-push-notification/route.ts
index 49d21b07439..6c48da2648c 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-push-notification/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-push-notification/route.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { createA2AClient } from '@/lib/a2a/utils'
 import { a2aGetPushNotificationContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/tools/a2a'
 import { getValidationErrorMessage, parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
 import { checkSessionOrInternalAuth } from '@/lib/auth/hybrid'
+import { enforceUserOrIpRateLimit } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
 
@@ -30,6 +31,13 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
       )
     }
 
+    const rateLimited = await enforceUserOrIpRateLimit(
+      'a2a-get-push-notification',
+      authResult.userId,
+      request
+    )
+    if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+
     logger.info(
       `[${requestId}] Authenticated A2A get push notification request via ${authResult.authType}`,
       {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-task/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-task/route.ts
index ac21da72537..3e38b82f80c 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-task/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-task/route.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { createA2AClient } from '@/lib/a2a/utils'
 import { a2aGetTaskContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/tools/a2a'
 import { getValidationErrorMessage, parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
 import { checkSessionOrInternalAuth } from '@/lib/auth/hybrid'
+import { enforceUserOrIpRateLimit } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
 
@@ -29,6 +30,9 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
       )
     }
 
+    const rateLimited = await enforceUserOrIpRateLimit('a2a-get-task', authResult.userId, request)
+    if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+
     logger.info(`[${requestId}] Authenticated A2A get task request via ${authResult.authType}`, {
       userId: authResult.userId,
     })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/resubscribe/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/resubscribe/route.ts
index 69af495725b..bd4bdebabc7 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/resubscribe/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/resubscribe/route.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { createA2AClient, extractTextContent, isTerminalState } from '@/lib/a2a/
 import { a2aResubscribeContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/tools/a2a'
 import { getValidationErrorMessage, parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
 import { checkSessionOrInternalAuth } from '@/lib/auth/hybrid'
+import { enforceUserOrIpRateLimit } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
 
@@ -36,6 +37,13 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
       )
     }
 
+    const rateLimited = await enforceUserOrIpRateLimit(
+      'a2a-resubscribe',
+      authResult.userId,
+      request
+    )
+    if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+
     const parsed = await parseRequest(
       a2aResubscribeContract,
       request,
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/send-message/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/send-message/route.ts
index badd3267f3d..708863a8715 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/send-message/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/send-message/route.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { createA2AClient, extractTextContent, isTerminalState } from '@/lib/a2a/
 import { a2aSendMessageContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/tools/a2a'
 import { getValidationErrorMessage, parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
 import { checkSessionOrInternalAuth } from '@/lib/auth/hybrid'
+import { enforceUserOrIpRateLimit } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { validateUrlWithDNS } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
@@ -32,6 +33,13 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
       )
     }
 
+    const rateLimited = await enforceUserOrIpRateLimit(
+      'a2a-send-message',
+      authResult.userId,
+      request
+    )
+    if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+
     logger.info(
       `[${requestId}] Authenticated A2A send message request via ${authResult.authType}`,
       {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/set-push-notification/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/set-push-notification/route.ts
index de9c41b8ccc..5511da2d2cc 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/set-push-notification/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/set-push-notification/route.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { createA2AClient } from '@/lib/a2a/utils'
 import { a2aSetPushNotificationContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/tools/a2a'
 import { getValidationErrorMessage, parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
 import { checkSessionOrInternalAuth } from '@/lib/auth/hybrid'
+import { enforceUserOrIpRateLimit } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { validateUrlWithDNS } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
@@ -31,6 +32,13 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
       )
     }
 
+    const rateLimited = await enforceUserOrIpRateLimit(
+      'a2a-set-push-notification',
+      authResult.userId,
+      request
+    )
+    if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+
     const parsed = await parseRequest(
       a2aSetPushNotificationContract,
       request,
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/users/me/settings/unsubscribe/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/users/me/settings/unsubscribe/route.ts
index b2806563ede..654324e85d4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/users/me/settings/unsubscribe/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/users/me/settings/unsubscribe/route.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   unsubscribePostContract,
 } from '@/lib/api/contracts/user'
 import { parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
+import { enforceIpRateLimit } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
 import type { EmailType } from '@/lib/messaging/email/mailer'
@@ -19,9 +20,18 @@ import {
 
 const logger = createLogger('UnsubscribeAPI')
 
+const UNSUBSCRIBE_RATE_LIMIT = {
+  maxTokens: 10,
+  refillRate: 10,
+  refillIntervalMs: 60_000,
+}
+
 export const GET = withRouteHandler(async (req: NextRequest) => {
   const requestId = generateRequestId()
 
+  const rateLimited = await enforceIpRateLimit('unsubscribe', req, UNSUBSCRIBE_RATE_LIMIT)
+  if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+
   try {
     const parsed = await parseRequest(
       unsubscribeGetContract,
@@ -70,6 +80,9 @@ export const GET = withRouteHandler(async (req: NextRequest) => {
 export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (req: NextRequest) => {
   const requestId = generateRequestId()
 
+  const rateLimited = await enforceIpRateLimit('unsubscribe', req, UNSUBSCRIBE_RATE_LIMIT)
+  if (rateLimited) return rateLimited
+
   try {
     const contentType = req.headers.get('content-type') || ''
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/v1/copilot/chat/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/v1/copilot/chat/route.ts
index d513318728a..6eaa1424b77 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/v1/copilot/chat/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/v1/copilot/chat/route.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { getValidationErrorMessage, parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
 import { runHeadlessCopilotLifecycle } from '@/lib/copilot/request/lifecycle/headless'
 import { withRouteHandler } from '@/lib/core/utils/with-route-handler'
 import { getWorkflowById, resolveWorkflowIdForUser } from '@/lib/workflows/utils'
-import { authenticateV1Request } from '@/app/api/v1/auth'
+import { authenticateRequest } from '@/app/api/v1/middleware'
 
 export const maxDuration = 3600
 
@@ -25,12 +25,16 @@ const DEFAULT_COPILOT_MODEL = 'claude-opus-4-6'
  */
 export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (req: NextRequest) => {
   let messageId: string | undefined
-  const auth = await authenticateV1Request(req)
-  if (!auth.authenticated || !auth.userId) {
-    return NextResponse.json(
-      { success: false, error: auth.error || 'Unauthorized' },
-      { status: 401 }
-    )
+  const authorized = await authenticateRequest(req, 'copilot-chat')
+  if (authorized instanceof NextResponse) {
+    return authorized
+  }
+  const { userId, rateLimit } = authorized
+  const auth = {
+    authenticated: true as const,
+    userId,
+    keyType: rateLimit.keyType,
+    workspaceId: rateLimit.workspaceId,
   }
 
   try {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/v1/middleware.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/v1/middleware.ts
index dcb427aa3a1..92aa72eb344 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/v1/middleware.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/v1/middleware.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ export type V1Endpoint =
   | 'knowledge'
   | 'knowledge-detail'
   | 'knowledge-search'
+  | 'copilot-chat'
 
 export interface RateLimitResult {
   allowed: boolean
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/copilot.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/copilot.ts
index de85c0f7409..f09626e41a2 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/copilot.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/copilot.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ export const v1CopilotChatBodySchema = z.object({
   mode: z.enum(COPILOT_REQUEST_MODES).optional().default('agent'),
   model: z.string().optional(),
   autoExecuteTools: z.boolean().optional().default(true),
-  timeout: z.number().optional().default(3_600_000),
+  timeout: z.number().int().min(1000).max(3_600_000).optional().default(3_600_000),
 })
 
 export type V1CopilotChatBody = z.output<typeof v1CopilotChatBodySchema>
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/index.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/index.ts
index 4ecc48f2b5a..9afd3cb231f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/index.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/index.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@ export {
   toTokenBucketConfig,
 } from './hosted-key'
 export { RateLimiter } from './rate-limiter'
+export {
+  DEFAULT_PUBLIC_IP_ROUTE_LIMIT,
+  DEFAULT_USER_ROUTE_LIMIT,
+  enforceIpRateLimit,
+  enforceUserOrIpRateLimit,
+  enforceUserRateLimit,
+} from './route-helpers'
 export type { TokenBucketConfig } from './storage'
 export type { SubscriptionPlan } from './types'
 export { getRateLimit, RATE_LIMITS, RateLimitError } from './types'
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/route-helpers.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/route-helpers.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0f895e81e1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/route-helpers.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+/**
+ * @vitest-environment node
+ */
+import { createMockRequest, requestUtilsMockFns } from '@sim/testing'
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, type Mock, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+const { mockAdapter } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  mockAdapter: {
+    consumeTokens: vi.fn(),
+    getTokenStatus: vi.fn(),
+    resetBucket: vi.fn(),
+  },
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/core/rate-limiter/storage', async () => {
+  const actual = await vi.importActual<typeof import('@/lib/core/rate-limiter/storage')>(
+    '@/lib/core/rate-limiter/storage'
+  )
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    createStorageAdapter: () => mockAdapter,
+  }
+})
+
+function passThroughClientIp() {
+  requestUtilsMockFns.mockGetClientIp.mockImplementation(
+    (req: { headers: { get(name: string): string | null } }) =>
+      req.headers.get('x-forwarded-for')?.split(',')[0]?.trim() ||
+      req.headers.get('x-real-ip')?.trim() ||
+      'unknown'
+  )
+}
+
+import { enforceIpRateLimit, enforceUserOrIpRateLimit, enforceUserRateLimit } from './route-helpers'
+
+const consume = mockAdapter.consumeTokens as Mock
+
+describe('route-helpers rate limiting', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  describe('enforceUserRateLimit', () => {
+    it('returns null when the bucket has tokens left', async () => {
+      consume.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        allowed: true,
+        tokensRemaining: 59,
+        resetAt: new Date(Date.now() + 60_000),
+      })
+
+      const result = await enforceUserRateLimit('test-bucket', 'user-1')
+
+      expect(result).toBeNull()
+      expect(consume).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        'route:test-bucket:user:user-1',
+        1,
+        expect.objectContaining({ maxTokens: 60, refillRate: 30 })
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('returns a 429 with Retry-After when the bucket is empty', async () => {
+      const resetAt = new Date(Date.now() + 30_000)
+      consume.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        allowed: false,
+        tokensRemaining: 0,
+        resetAt,
+        retryAfterMs: 30_000,
+      })
+
+      const result = await enforceUserRateLimit('test-bucket', 'user-1')
+
+      expect(result).not.toBeNull()
+      expect(result?.status).toBe(429)
+      expect(result?.headers.get('Retry-After')).toBe('30')
+      expect(result?.headers.get('X-RateLimit-Reset')).toBe(resetAt.toISOString())
+
+      const body = await result?.json()
+      expect(body?.error).toBe('Rate limit exceeded')
+    })
+
+    it('keys buckets per user so different users do not share state', async () => {
+      consume.mockResolvedValue({
+        allowed: true,
+        tokensRemaining: 59,
+        resetAt: new Date(),
+      })
+
+      await enforceUserRateLimit('shared-bucket', 'user-a')
+      await enforceUserRateLimit('shared-bucket', 'user-b')
+
+      const keys = consume.mock.calls.map((call) => call[0])
+      expect(keys).toEqual(['route:shared-bucket:user:user-a', 'route:shared-bucket:user:user-b'])
+    })
+
+    it('fails open when the storage layer throws', async () => {
+      consume.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('redis down'))
+
+      const result = await enforceUserRateLimit('test-bucket', 'user-1')
+
+      expect(result).toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('enforceIpRateLimit', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      passThroughClientIp()
+    })
+
+    it('uses the X-Forwarded-For client IP in the bucket key', async () => {
+      consume.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        allowed: true,
+        tokensRemaining: 9,
+        resetAt: new Date(),
+      })
+      const request = createMockRequest('POST', undefined, {
+        'x-forwarded-for': '203.0.113.7, 10.0.0.1',
+      })
+
+      await enforceIpRateLimit('public-bucket', request)
+
+      expect(consume).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        'route:public-bucket:ip:203.0.113.7',
+        1,
+        expect.any(Object)
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('folds spoofed `X-Forwarded-For: unknown` into a single shared bucket', async () => {
+      consume.mockResolvedValue({
+        allowed: true,
+        tokensRemaining: 9,
+        resetAt: new Date(),
+      })
+
+      const reqA = createMockRequest('POST', undefined, { 'x-forwarded-for': 'unknown' })
+      const reqB = createMockRequest('POST', undefined, { 'x-forwarded-for': 'unknown' })
+      await enforceIpRateLimit('otp', reqA)
+      await enforceIpRateLimit('otp', reqB)
+
+      const keys = consume.mock.calls.map((call) => call[0])
+      expect(keys).toEqual(['route:otp:ip:unknown', 'route:otp:ip:unknown'])
+    })
+
+    it('returns a 429 with Retry-After on rate limit', async () => {
+      const resetAt = new Date(Date.now() + 60_000)
+      consume.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        allowed: false,
+        tokensRemaining: 0,
+        resetAt,
+        retryAfterMs: 60_000,
+      })
+      const request = createMockRequest('POST', undefined, { 'x-forwarded-for': '203.0.113.7' })
+
+      const result = await enforceIpRateLimit('public-bucket', request)
+
+      expect(result?.status).toBe(429)
+      expect(result?.headers.get('Retry-After')).toBe('60')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('enforceUserOrIpRateLimit', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      passThroughClientIp()
+    })
+
+    it('keys per-user when userId is present', async () => {
+      consume.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        allowed: true,
+        tokensRemaining: 59,
+        resetAt: new Date(),
+      })
+      const request = createMockRequest('POST', undefined, { 'x-forwarded-for': '203.0.113.7' })
+
+      await enforceUserOrIpRateLimit('a2a-test', 'user-1', request)
+
+      expect(consume).toHaveBeenCalledWith('route:a2a-test:user:user-1', 1, expect.any(Object))
+    })
+
+    it('falls back to per-IP when userId is undefined', async () => {
+      consume.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        allowed: true,
+        tokensRemaining: 59,
+        resetAt: new Date(),
+      })
+      const request = createMockRequest('POST', undefined, { 'x-forwarded-for': '203.0.113.7' })
+
+      await enforceUserOrIpRateLimit('a2a-test', undefined, request)
+
+      expect(consume).toHaveBeenCalledWith('route:a2a-test:ip:203.0.113.7', 1, expect.any(Object))
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/route-helpers.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/route-helpers.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8b7cae9dc1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/route-helpers.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
+import { RateLimiter } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter/rate-limiter'
+import type { TokenBucketConfig } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter/storage'
+import { getClientIp } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
+
+const logger = createLogger('RouteRateLimit')
+const rateLimiter = new RateLimiter()
+
+/** Default per-user bucket for authenticated tool routes (60 burst, 30/min). */
+export const DEFAULT_USER_ROUTE_LIMIT: TokenBucketConfig = {
+  maxTokens: 60,
+  refillRate: 30,
+  refillIntervalMs: 60_000,
+}
+
+/** Default per-IP bucket for unauthenticated public endpoints (10 burst, 5/min). */
+export const DEFAULT_PUBLIC_IP_ROUTE_LIMIT: TokenBucketConfig = {
+  maxTokens: 10,
+  refillRate: 5,
+  refillIntervalMs: 60_000,
+}
+
+function buildRateLimitResponse(resetAt: Date): NextResponse {
+  const retryAfterSec = Math.max(1, Math.ceil((resetAt.getTime() - Date.now()) / 1000))
+  return NextResponse.json(
+    {
+      error: 'Rate limit exceeded',
+      retryAfter: resetAt.getTime(),
+    },
+    {
+      status: 429,
+      headers: {
+        'Retry-After': String(retryAfterSec),
+        'X-RateLimit-Reset': resetAt.toISOString(),
+      },
+    }
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply a per-user token bucket to an authenticated route.
+ * Returns a `NextResponse` on 429, otherwise `null` so the caller can proceed.
+ */
+export async function enforceUserRateLimit(
+  bucketName: string,
+  userId: string,
+  config: TokenBucketConfig = DEFAULT_USER_ROUTE_LIMIT
+): Promise<NextResponse | null> {
+  const key = `route:${bucketName}:user:${userId}`
+  const { allowed, resetAt } = await rateLimiter.checkRateLimitDirect(key, config)
+  if (allowed) return null
+  logger.warn('User rate limit exceeded', { bucket: bucketName, userId })
+  return buildRateLimitResponse(resetAt)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply a per-IP token bucket to an unauthenticated route. The `unknown` IP
+ * fallback shares one global bucket per route so it cannot be amplified by
+ * `X-Forwarded-For: unknown` spoofing.
+ */
+export async function enforceIpRateLimit(
+  bucketName: string,
+  request: NextRequest,
+  config: TokenBucketConfig = DEFAULT_PUBLIC_IP_ROUTE_LIMIT
+): Promise<NextResponse | null> {
+  const ip = getClientIp(request)
+  const key = `route:${bucketName}:ip:${ip}`
+  const { allowed, resetAt } = await rateLimiter.checkRateLimitDirect(key, config)
+  if (allowed) return null
+  logger.warn('IP rate limit exceeded', { bucket: bucketName, ip })
+  return buildRateLimitResponse(resetAt)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply a per-user limit when a userId is present, else fall back to per-IP.
+ * Use for routes whose auth path may legitimately resolve without a userId
+ * (e.g. internal JWT calls with `requireWorkflowId: false`) so missing-userId
+ * traffic is still throttled per-IP rather than sharing one global bucket.
+ */
+export async function enforceUserOrIpRateLimit(
+  bucketName: string,
+  userId: string | undefined,
+  request: NextRequest,
+  config: TokenBucketConfig = DEFAULT_USER_ROUTE_LIMIT
+): Promise<NextResponse | null> {
+  if (userId) return enforceUserRateLimit(bucketName, userId, config)
+  return enforceIpRateLimit(bucketName, request, config)
+}